Abstract Peter V. Karpovich (1896-1975) was born in Luga, Russia. He attended the State Military Academy of Medicine in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) where he studied under Ivan Pavlov and graduated early in December 1919. Karpovich fled Russia for Riga, Latvia in 1922 because of political and professional turmoil. While there he acted as a consulting physician for the YMCA until 1925 before leaving to conduct research at Springfield College. He enrolled as a special advanced student and earned a...